PROPHET HAZRAT MUHAMMAD ( SM )
THE FULL NAME OF HAZRAT MUHAMMAD ( SM ) IS ABU AL-QASIM MUHAMMAD IBN Ê¿ABD ALLAH IBN Ê¿ABD
AL-MUTTALIB IBN HASHIM (ARABIC: Ù…ُØَÙ…َّد ابْÙ† عَبْد الله ابْÙ†
عَبْد الْÙ…ُØ·َّÙ„ِب ابْÙ† Ù‡َاشِÙ…) . ARABIC OF MUHAMMAD IS Ù…ُØÙ…ّد . HAZRAT MUHAMMED ( SM ) WAS THE FOUNDER OF ISLAM . HAZRAT MUHAMMED ( SM )
WAS THE GREATEST AND LAST PROPHET IN THE WORLD .
v BORN ::: MONDAY , 12 RABI' AL-AWWAL
C. 53 BH / 570 CE , IN MECCA , HEJAZ , ARABIA ( NOW SAUDI ARABIA )
v DIED ::: MONDAY , 12 of RABI' AL-AWWAL
C. 11 AH / 8 JUNE , 632 CE , (AGED 62
YEARS) IN MEDINA , HEJAZ , ARABIA ( NOW SAUDI ARABIA )
v PARENT ( SM ) ::: ABDALLAH IBN ABD
AL-MUTTALIB ( FATHER ) & AMINAH BINT WAHB ( MOTHER )
v GRANDFATHER ::: ABD AL-MUTTALIB
v UNCLE ::: ABU TALIB
v SPOUSE ( S ) :::
WIVE’S
NAME MARRIED
§ KHADIJA BINT KHUWAYLID
595-619
§ SAWDA BINT ZAM’A 619-632
§ AISHA BINT ABI BAKR C.623-632
§ HAFSA BINT UMAR 624-632
§ ZAYNAB BINT KHUZAYMA 625-627
§ HIND BINT ABU UMAYYA 625-632
§ ZAYNAB BINT JAHSH 627-632
§ JUWAYRIYYA BINT AL-HARITH 628-632
§ RAMLA BINT ABI SUFYAN 628-632
§ RAYHANA BINT ZAYD 629-632
§ SAFIYYA BINT ZAYD 629-632
§ MAYMUNAH BINT AL-HARITH 630-632
§ MARIA AL-QIBTIYYA 630-632
v CHILDREN :::
§ QASIM IBN MUHAMMAD
§ ZAINAB BINT MUHAMMAD
§ RUQAYYAH BINT MUHAMMAD
§ UMM KULSHUM BINT MUHAMMAD
§ ABD-ALLAH IBN MUHAMMED
§ FATIMAH BINT MUHAMMAD
§ IBRAHIM IBN MUHAMMAD
v CHILDHOOD & EARLY LIFE :::
MUHAMMAD the son of ' ABDULLAH IBN '
ABD AL-MUTTALIB IBN HASHIM and his young wife AMINAH was born in 570 CE guess
in the city of MECCA in the ARABIAN isle . He was a member of the family of
BANU HASHIM a respected branch of the full of bout and puissant QURAYSH TRIBE .
According to ARAB tradition after his
birth child MUHAMMAD was sent to BANU SA'AD clan a neighboring Bedouin clan so
that he could achievement the pure speech and free manners of the desert .
There MUHAMMAD spent the first five years of his life with his foster-mother
HALIMA . Islamic tradition holds that during this period , God sent two angels
who opened his chest and took out the heart then removed a blood-clot from it .
It was washed with ZAMZAM water . This incident signifies the idea that GOD
purified his prophet and protected him from evil .
ISLAMIC belief holds that God
protected MUHAMMAD from involving in any disrespectful and fat practice . Even
when he verged on any such activity GOD intervened . Prophetic tradition
description one such incident in which it is said on the authority of IBN
AL-ATHEER that while working as team director at early period of his life . Young
MUHAMMAD once told his fellow-shepherd to take care of his sheep so that the
former could go to the town for some recreation as the other youths used to do .
But on the way , his attention was diverted to a wedding party and he sat down
to listen to the sound of music only to fall asleep soon . He was awakened by
the heat of the sun. MUHAMMAD reported that he never tried such things again .
Around the age of twelve MUHAMMAD
accompanied his uncle ABU TALIB in a commercial journey to SYRIA and gained
experience in commercial initiative . On this journey MUHAMMAD is said to have been
recognized by a Christian Monk , Bahira
who prophesied about MUHAMMAD'S future as a prophet of GOD .
Around the age of twenty five MUHAMMAD
was employed as the caretaker of the mercantile activities of KHADIJAH a
distinguished QURAISH lady . Attracted
by his noble ethics honesty and trustworthy she sent a marriage proposal to
MUHAMMAD through her maid-servant MEISARA . As MUHAMMAD gave his consent the
marriage was completed in the presence of his uncle .
v ORPHANHOOD & SOCIAL WELFARE :::
MUHAMMAD was orphaned when he was
young . Some months before the birth of MUHAMMAD his father died near MEDINA on
a mercantile expedition to SYRIA . When MUHAMMAD was six he accompanied his
mother AMINA on her visit to MEDINA probably to visit her late husband's tomb .
While returning to MECCA AMINA died at a desolate place called ABWA about
half-way to MECCA and was buried there . MUHAMMAD was now taken in by his
grandfather ABD AL-MUTTALIB who himself died when MUHAMMAD was eight leaving
him in the care of his uncle ABU TALIB . In Islamic tradition MUHAMMAS’S being
orphaned at an early age has been seen as a part of divine plan to enable him
to " Develop early the qualities of self-reliance , reflection and
steadfastness “. Muslim scholar MUMAMMAD ALI sees the story of MUHAMMAD as a
spiritual parallel to the life of MOSES considering many aspects of their lives
to be shared . The Quran said about MOSES : " I cast (the garment of love)
over thee from Me so that you might be reared under My eye. ... We saved thee
from all grief although We tried thee with various trials. ... O MOSES , I have
chosen thee for Mine Own service ". Taking into account the idea of this
spiritual parallelism together with other aspects of MUHAMMAD’S early life . It
has been suggested that it was God under Whose direct care MUHAMMAD was raised
and prepared for the responsibility that was to be conferred upon him . Islamic
scholar TARIQ RAMADAN argued that MUHAMMAD’S orphan state made him dependent on
God and close to the destitute – “ An initiatory state for the future Messenger
of GOD ".
Between 580 CE and 590 CE , MECCA
experienced a bloody feud between QURAYSH and BANI HAWAZIN that lasted for four
years before a temporary ceasefire was reached . After the temporary ceasefire
, an alliance named HILF AL-FUDUL ( The Pact of the Virtuous ) was formed to
check further violence and injustice and to stand on the side of the oppressed
an oath was taken by the descendants of HASHIM and the kindred families where MUHAMMAD
was also a member . In later days of his life , MUHAMMAD is reported to have
said about this contract , " I witnessed a confederacy in the house of ' ABDULLAH
BIN JADA'AN . It was more appealing to me than herds of cattle . Even now in
the period of Islam I would respond positively to attending such a meeting if I
were invited ."
ISLAMIC tradition credits MUHAMMAD
with settling a dispute peacefully regarding setting the sacred Black Stone on
the wall of KABA where the clan leaders could not decide on which clan should
have the honor of doing that . The Black stone was removed to facilitate the
rebuilding of KABA because of its dilapidated condition . The disagreement grew
tense and bloodshed became likely . The clan leaders agreed to wait for the
next man to come through the gate of KABA and ask him to choose . The
35-year-old MUHAMMAD entered through that gate first asked for a mantle which
he spread on the ground and placed the stone at its center . MUHAMMAD had the
clans' leaders lift a corner of it until the mantle reached the appropriate
height and then himself placed the stone on the proper place . Thus an ensuing
bloodshed was averted by the wisdom of MUHAMMAD .
v PROPHETHOOD :::
MUSLIMS believe that MUHAMMAD is the
last and final messenger and prophet of GOD who began receiving direct oral
revelations in 610 CE . The first published verses were the first five verses
of SURA AL-ALAQ that the archangel GABRILE brought from GOD to MUHAMMAD in the
cave Mount HIRA .
After his marriage with KHADIJA and
during his career as a merchant although engaged in commercial activities and
family affairs MUHAMMAD gradually became preoccupied with contemplation and
reflection . And began to withdraw periodically to a cave named Mount HIRA three
miles north of MECCA . According to Islamic tradition , in the year 610 CE
during one such occasion while he was in contemplation the archangel Gabriel
appeared before him and said ' Recite ' , upon which MUHAMMAD replied : ' I am
unable to recite '. Thereupon the angel caught hold of him and embraced him
heavily . This happened two more times after which the angel commanded MUHAMMAD
to recite the following verses :
“ Proclaim! ( or read! ) in the name
of thy Lord and Cherisher Who created -
Created man out of a (mere) clot of
congealed blood :
Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most
Bountiful -
He Who taught (the use of) the pen -
Taught man that which he knew not .”
— QURAN chapter 96 ( AL-ALAQ ) The verse
1-5
This was the first verbal revelation .
Perplexed by this new experience MUHAMMAD made his way to home where he was
consoled by his wife KHADIJAH who also took him to her Christian cousin WARAQAH
IBN NAWFAL . WARAQAH was familiar with scriptures of Torah and Gospel . Islamic
tradition holds that WARAKA upon hearing the description testified to MUHAMMAD’S
prophethood . It is also reported by AISHA that WARAQAH IBN NAWFAL later told MUHAMMAD
that MUHAMMAD’S own people would turn him out to which MUHAMMAD inquired "
Will they really drive me out ?" WARAKA replied in the affirmative and
said " Anyone who came with something similar to what you have brought was
treated with hostility and if I should be alive till that day then I would
support you strongly ." Some ISLAMIC scholars argue that MUHAMMAD was
foretold in the Bible .
v DIVINE REVELATION & EARLY PREACHING
AND TEACHINGS :::
In ISLAMIC belief revelations are
GOD'S word delivered by his chosen individuals – known
as Messengers — to humanity . According to ISLAMIC scholar MUHAMMAD SHAIF USMANI
GOD created three media through which humans receive knowledge : men's senses ,
the faculty of reason and divine revelation and it is the third one that
addresses the liturgical and eschatological issues answers the questions
regarding GOD'S purpose behind creating humanity and acts as a guidance for
humanity in choosing the correct way . In ISLAMIC belief the sequence of divine
revelation came to an end with MUHAMMAD . MUSLIMS believe these revelations to
be the verbatim word of GOD which were later collected together and came to be
known as QURAN the central religious text of ISLAM .
During the first three years of his
ministry MUHAMMAD preached ISLAM privately mainly among his near relatives and
close acquaintances . The first to believe him was his wife KHADIJHA who was
followed by ALI , his cousin , and ZAYD IBN HARITHAH . Notable among the early
converts were ABU BAKAR , UTHMAN IBN AFFAN , HAMZA IBN ABDUL MUTTALIB , SA'AD IBN
ABI WAQQAS , ABDULLAh IBN MASUD , ARQAM , ABU DHARR AL-GHIFARI , AMMAR IBN YASIR
and BILAL IBN RABAH . In the fourth year
of his prophethood according to ISLAMIC belief , he was ordered by GOD to make
public his propagation of this monotheistic faith ( QURAN 15:94 ) .
MUHAMMAD’S earliest teachings were
marked by his insistence on the oneness of GOD ( Quran 112:1 ) , the
denunciation of polytheism ( Quran 6:19 ) belief in the Last judgment and its
recompense ( Quran 84:1–15 ) and social and economic justice ( Quran 89:17–20 )
. In a broader sense MUHAMMAD preached that he had been sent as GOD'S messenger
that GOD is One who is all-powerful , creator and controller of this universe (
Quran 85:8–9 , Quran 6:2 ) and merciful towards his creations
( Quran 85:14 ) , that worship should be made only to GOD that ascribing
partnership to GOD is a major sin ( Quran 4:48 ) that men would be accountable ,
for their deeds , to God on last judgment day and would be assigned to heaven
or hell ( Quran 85:10–13 ) and that God expects man to be generous with their
wealth and not miserly ( Quran %3Averse%3D1 107 :1–7 ) .
v OPPOSITION AND PERSECUTION & SOCIAL BOYCOTT :::
MUHAMMAD'S early teachings invited
vehement opposition from the wealthy and leading clans of MECCA who feared the
loss not only of their ancestral paganism but also of the lucrative pilgrimage
business . At first , the opposition was confined to ridicule and sarcasm which
proved insufficient to arrest MUHAMMAD'S faith from flourishing and soon they resorted
to active persecution . These included verbal attack , ostracism , unsuccessful
boycott and physical persecution . Biographers have presented accounts of
diverse forms of persecution on the newly converted MUSLIMS by the QURAYSH .
The converted slaves who had no protection were imprisoned and often exposed to
scorching sun . Alarmed by mounting persecution on the newly converts MUHAMMAD
in 615 CE directed some of his followers to migrate to neighboring ABYSSINIA ( present
day ETHIOPIA ) a land ruled by king ASHAMA IBN ABJAR famous for his justice and
intelligence . Accordingly , eleven men and four women made their flight and
were followed by more in later time .
Back in MECCA , MUHAMMAD was gaining
new followers including notable figures like UMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB and HAMZA one of MUHAMMAD'S uncles . MUHAMMAD'S position
was greatly strengthened by their acceptance of Islam and the Quraysh became
much perturbed . Upset by the fear of losing the leading position and shocked
by continuous condemnation of idol-worship in the QURAN the merchants and
clan-leaders tried to come to an agreement with MUHAMMAD . They offered MUHAMMAD
the prospect of higher social status and advantageous marriage proposal in
exchange of forsaking his preaching . MUHAMMAD rejected the both asserting his
nomination as a messenger by GOD . Unable to deal with this status quo the QURAYSH
then proposed to adopt a common form of worship which was denounced by the QURAN
: ' Say : O ye the disbelievers , I
worship not that which ye worship Nor will ye worship that which I worship .
And I will not worship that which ye have been wont to worship Nor will ye
worship that which I worship . To you be your Way and to me mine ' (109:1) .
Thus frustrated from all sides the
leaders of various Quraysh clans in 617 CE , enacted a complete boycott of BANU
HASHIM family to mount pressure to lift its protection on MUHAMMAD . The HASHEMITES
were made to retire in a quarter of ABU TALIB and were cut off from outside
activities . During this period , the HASHEMITES suffered from various
scarcities and MUHAMMAD’S preaching confined to only the pilgrimage season . The
boycott ended after three years as it failed to serve its end . This incident
was shortly followed by the death of MUHAMMAD’S uncle and protector ABU TALIB
and his wife KKADIJAH . This has largely been attributed to the plight to which
the HASHEMITES were exposed during the boycott .
v LAST YEARS IN MECCA :::
The death of his uncle ABU TALIB left
MUHAMMAD somewhat unprotected and exposed him to some mischief of QURAYSH which
he endured with great steadfast . An uncle and a bitter enemy of MUHAMMAD , ABU
LAHAB succeeded ABU TALIB as clan chief and soon withdrew the clan's protection
from MUHAMMAD . Around this time , MUHAMMAD visited TA'IF a city some sixty
kilometers east of MECCA to preach Islam but met with severe hostility from its
inhabitants who pelted him with stones causing bleeding . It is said that GOD
sent angels of mountain to MUHAMMAD who asked MUHAMMAD’S permission to crush
the people of TA'IF in between the mountains but MUHAMMAD said ' No '. At the
pilgrimage season of 620 MUHAMMAD met six men of KHAZRAJ tribe from YATHRIB ( Later
named MEDINA ) propounded to them the doctrines of ISLAM and recited portions
of QURAN . Impressed by this , the six embraced ISLAM and at the Pilgrimage of
621 five of them brought seven others with them . These twelve informed MUHAMMAD
of the beginning of gradual development of ISLAM in MEDINA and took a formal
pledge of allegiance at MUHAMMAD’S hand promising to accept him as a prophet to
worship none but one GOD and to renounce certain sins like theft , adultery ,
murder and the like . This is known as the " First Pledge of AL-AQABA ".
At their request , MUHAMMAD sent with them MUS‘AB IBN 'UMAIR to teach them the
instructions of ISLAM . Biographers have recorded the success of MUS'AB IBN 'UMAIR
in preaching the message of Islam and bringing people under the umbrella of ISLAM
in MEDINA .
The next year , at the pilgrimage of
June 622 a delegation of around 75 converted MUSLIMS of AWS and KHAZRAJ tribes
from YATHRIB came . They invited him to come to MEDINA as an arbitrator to
reconcile among the hostile tribes . This is known as the " Second Pledge
of AL-AQABA and was a politico-religious success that paved the way for his and
his followers emigration to MEDINA .
Following the pledges MUHAMMAD ordered his followers to migrate to YATHRIB in
small groups and within a short period most of the MUSLIMS of MECCA migrated
there .
v EMIGRATION TO MEDINA & IN MEDINA :::
Because of assassination attempts
from the QURAYSH and prospect of success in YATHRIB a city 320 km ( 200 mi )
north of MECCA , MUHAMMAD emigrated there in 622 CE . According to MUSLIM
tradition , after receiving divine direction to depart MECCA , MUHAMMAD began
taking preparation and informed ABU BAKR of his plan . On the night of his
departure MUHAMMAD’S house was besieged by men of the QURAYSH who planned to
kill him in the morning . At the time , MUHAMMAD possessed various properties
of the QURAYSH given to him in trust so he handed them over to ALI and directed
him to return them to their owners . It is said that when MUHAMMAD emerged from
his house he recited the ninth verse of surah YA SIN of the QURAN and threw a
handful of dust at the direction of the besiegers rendering the besiegers unable to see him .
After eight days' journey , MUHAMMAD entered the outskirts of MEDINA on 28 June
622 but did not enter the city directly . He stopped at a place called QUBA a
place some miles from the main city and established a mosque there . On 2 July
622 he entered the city . YATHRIB was soon renamed MADINAT AN-NABI but AN-NABI was soon dropped so its name is
" MEDINA ", meaning " The city ".
The place where the people of MEDINA
welcomed MUAHMMAD when he came from MECCA . In MEDINA , MUHAMMAD’S first focus
was on the construction of a MOSQUE which , when completed was of an austere
nature . Apart from being the center of prayer service the MOSQUE also served
as a headquarters of administrative activities . Adjacent to the MOSQUE was
built the quarters for MUHAMMAD’S family . As there was no definite arrangement
for calling people to prayer BILAL IBN RIBAH was appointed to call people in a
loud voice at each prayer time a system later replaced by ADHAN believed to be
informed to ABDULLAH IBN ZAYD in his dream and liked and introduced by MUHAMMAD
.
The Emigrants of MECCA known as MUHAJRUN
had left almost everything there and came to MEDINA empty-handed . They were
cordially welcomed and helped by the MUSLIMS of MEDINA known as ANSAR ( the
helpers ) . MUHAMMAD made a formal bond of fraternity among them , that went a
long way in eliminating long-established enmity among various tribes
particularly AWS and KHAZRAJ .
v ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW POLITY & PERSISTENT HOSTILITY OF QURAYSH :::
After the arrival of MUHAMMAD MEDINA
its people could be divided into four groups:
1.
The MUSLIMS : emigrants from MECCA
and ANSARSs of MEDINA .
2.
The HYPOCRITES : they nominally
embraced ISLAM but actually were against it .
3.
Those from AWS and KHAZRAJ who were
still pagans but were inclined to embrace Islam .
4.
The JEWS : they were huge in number
and formed an important community there .
In order to establish peaceful
coexistence among this heterogeneous population MUHAMMAD invited the leading
personalities of all the communities to reach a formal agreement which would
provide a harmony among the communities and security to the city of MEDINA and
finally drew up the Constitution of MEDINA also known as the MEDINA Charter
which formed " A kind of alliance or federation " among the
prevailing communities . It specified the mutual rights and obligations of the
MUSLIMS and JEWS of MEDINA and prohibited any alliance with the outside enemies
. It also declared that any dispute would be referred to MUHAMMAD for
settlement .
Before the arrival of MUHAMMAD the
clans of MEDINA had suffered a lot from internal feuds and had planned to
nominate ABD-ALLAH IBN UBAIY as their common leader with a view to restoring
peace . The arrival of MUHAMMAD rendered this design unlikely and from then ABD-ALLAH
IBN UBAIY began entertaining hostility towards MUHAMMAD . Soon after MUHAMMAD’S
settlement in MEDINA ABD-ALLAH IBN UBAIY received an ultimatum from the QURAYSH
directing him to fight or expel the MUSLIMS from MEDINA but was convinced by MUHAMMAD
not to do that . Around this time , SA'AD IBN MUA'DH chief of AWS went to MECCA
to perform UMRAH . Because of mutual friendship , he was hosted and escorted by
a MECCAN leader UMAYYAH IBN KHALAF but the two could not escape the notice of ABU
JAHL an archenemy of ISLAM . At the sight of SA'AD , ABU JAHI became angry and
threatened to stop their visit to KAABA as his clan had sheltered the MUHAMMAD .
SA'AD IBN MUA'DH also threatened to hinder their trading caravans .
Thus , there remained a persistent
enmity between the MUSLIMS and the QURAYSH tribe . The MUSLIMS were still few
and without substantial resources and fearful of attacks .
v CAUSES OF AND PREPARATION FOR FIGHTING & THE BATTLE OF BADR :::
Following the emigration the MECCANS
seized the properties of the MUSLIM emigrants in MECCA . The QURAYSH leaders of
MECCA persecuted the newly converted MUSLIMS there and they migrated to MEDINA
to avoid persecution abandoning their properties . MUHAMMAD and the MUSLIMS found
themselves in a more precarious situation in MEDINA than in MECCA . Besides the
ultimatum of the QURAYSH they had to confront the designs of the hypocrites and
had to be wary of the pagans and JEWS also . The trading caravans of QURAYSH
whose usual route was from MECCA to SYRIA used to set the neighboring tribes of
MEDINA against the MUSLIMS which posed a great danger to the security of MUSLIMS
of MEDINA given that war was common at that time . In view of all this , the QURAN
granted permission to the persecuted MUSLIMS to defend themselves : " Permission
to fight is granted to those against whom war is made because they have been
wronged and GOD indeed has the power to help them . They are those who have
been driven out of their homes unjustly only because they affirmed : " Our
Lord is GOD " " ( Quran 22:39-40 ) . The QURAN further justifies
taking defensive measures by stating that " And if GOD had not repelled
some men by others the earth would have been corrupted . But GOD is a Lord of
Kindness to ( His ) creatures " ( Quran 2:251 ) . According to QURANIC
description , war is an abnormal and unenviable way which , when inevitable
should be limited to minimal casualty and free from any kind of transgression
on the part of the believers . In this regard , the QURAN says : " Fight
in the cause of GOD with those who fight you but do not transgress limits for GOD
loveth not transgressors " (2:190) and " And fight them on until
there is no more tumult or oppression and there prevail justice and faith in GOD
but if they cease let there be no hostility except to those who practice
oppression " (2:193) .
Thus , to ensure the security of the
ANSARS and MUHAJIRUN of MEDINA MUHAMMAD resorted to the following measures :
1.
Visiting the neighboring tribes to
enter into non-aggression treaty with them to secure MEDINA from their attacks .
2.
Blocking or intercepting the trading
caravans of the QURAYSH to compel them into a compromise with the MUSLIMS . As
these trading enterprises were the main strength of the QURAYSH MUHAMMAD
employed this strategy to reduce their strength .
3.
Sending small scouting parties to
gather intelligence about QURAYSH movement and also to facilitate the
evacuation of those MUSLIMS who were still suffering in MECCA and could not
migrate to MEDINA because of their poverty or any other reason . It is in this
connection that the following verse of the QURAN was revealed : " And why
should you not fight in the cause of GOD and for those who being weak are
ill-treated ( and oppressed ) ? Men , Women and Children whose cry is : " Our
Lord! Rescue us from this town whose people are oppressors and raise for us
from Thee one who will protect and raise for us from Thee one who will help! "
" ( Quran 4:75 ) .
A key battle in the early days of ISLAM
the Battle of BADR was the first large-scale battle between the nascent ISLAMIC
community of MEDINA and their opponent QURAYSH of MECCA where the MUSLIMS won a
decisive victory . The battle has some background . In 2 AH ( 623 CE ) in the
month of RAJAB a MUSLIM patrolling group attacked a QURAYSH trading caravan
killing its elite leader AMR IBN HAZRAMI . The incident happening in a sacred
month displeased MUHAMMAD and enraged the QURAYSH to a greater extent . The QURAN
however neutralizes the effect saying that bloodshed in sacred month is
obviously prohibited but QURAYSH paganism persecuting on the MECCAN converts
and preventing people from the Sacred MOSQUE are greater sins ( Quran 2:217 ) .
Traditional sources say that upon receiving intelligence of a richly laden
trading caravan of the QURAYSH returning from SYRIA to MECCA MUHAMMAD took it
as a good opportunity to strike a heavy blow on MECCAN power by taking down the
caravan in which almost all the MECCAN people had invested . With full liberty
to join or stay back MUHAMMAD amassed some 313 inadequately prepared men
furnished with only two horses and seventy camels and headed for a place called
BADR . Meanwhile , ABU SUFYAN the leader of the caravan got the information of
MUSLIM march changed his route towards SOUTH-WEST along RED SEA and send out a
messenger named DAMDAM IBN UMAR to MECCA asking for immediate help . The
messenger exaggerated the news in a frenzy style of old ARAB custom and
misinterpreted the call for protecting the caravan as a call for war .
The QURAYSH with all its leading
personalities except ABU LAHAB marched with a heavily equipped army of more
than one thousand men with ostentatious opulence of food supply and war
materials . ABU SUFYAN’S second message that the trading caravan successfully
had escaped the MUSLIM interception when reached the QURAYSH force did not stop
them from entering into a major offensive with the MUSLIM force mainly because
of the belligerent QURAYSH leader ABU JAHL . The news of a strong QURAYSH army
and its intention reaching the ISLAMIC PROPHET MUHAMMAD he held a council of
war where the followers advised him to go forward . The battle occurred on 13
March 624 CE ( 17 Ramadan , 2 AH ) and
resulted in a heavy loss on the QURAYSH side : around seventy men , including chief
leaders , were killed and a similar number were taken prisoner . ISLAMIC tradition
attributes the MUSLIM victory to the direct intervention of GOD : he sent down
angels that emboldened the MUSLIMS and wreaked damage on the enemy force .
v
TREASON , ATTACKS , AND SIEGE & TREATY
WITH THE QURAYSH :::
The defeat at the battle of BADR
provoked the QURAYSH to take revenge on MUSLIMS . Meanwhile , two QURAYSH men –
UMAIR IBN WAHB and SAFWAN IBN UMAYYA – conspired to kill MUHAMMAD . The former
went to MEDINA with a poisoned sword to execute the plan but was detected and
brought to MUHAMMAD . It is said that MUHAMMAD himself revealed to UMAIR his
secret plan and UMAIR upon accepting ISLAM began preaching Islam in MECCA . The
QURAYSH soon led an army of 3000 men and fought the MUSLIM force consisting of
700 men in the Battle of UHUD . Despite initial success in the battle the MUSLIMS
failed to consummate victory due to the mistake of the strategically posted
archers . The predicament of MUSLIMS at this battle has been seen by ISLAMIC
scholars as a result of disobedience of the command of MUHAMMAD : MUSLIMS
realized that they could not succeed unless guided by him .
The Battle of UHUD was followed by a
series of aggressive and treacherous activities against the MUSLIMS in MEDINA .
TULAIHA IBN KHUWEILED chief of BANU ASAD and SUFYAN IBN KHALID chief of BANU LAHYAN tried to march against MEDINA
but were rendered unsuccessful . Ten MUSLIMS recruited by some local tribes to
learn the tenets of ISLAM were treacherously murdered : eight of them being
killed at a place called RAJI and the remaining two being taken to MECCA as
captives and killed by QURAYSH . About the same time , a group of seventy MUSLIMS
sent to propagate ISLAM to the people of NEJD was put to a massacre by AMIR IBN
TUFAIL’S BANU AMIR and other tribes . Only two of them escaped returned to MEDINA
and informed MUHAMMAD of the incidents . Around 5th AH ( 627 CE ) a large
combined force of at least 10000 men from QURAYSH , GHATAFAN , BANU ASAD and
other pagan tribes was formed to attack the MUSLIMS mainly at the instigation
and efforts of JEWISH leader HUYAYY IBN AKHTAB and it marched towards MEDINA .
The trench dug by the MUSLIMS and the adverse weather foiled their siege of MEDINA
and they left with heavy losses . The QURAN says that GOD dispersed the
disbelievers and thwarted their plans . The JEWISH tribe of BANU QURAYZA who
were allied with MUHAMMAD before the Battle of the Trench were charged with
treason and besieged by the MUSLIMS commanded by MUHAMMAD . After BANU QURAYZA
agreed to accept whatever decision SA'AD IBN MUA'DH would take about them SA'AD
pronounced that the male members be executed and the women and children be
considered as war captives .
Around 6 AH ( 628 CE ) the nascent ISLAMIC
state was somewhat consolidated when MUHAMMAD left MEDINA to perform pilgrimage
at MECCA but was intercepted en route by the QURAYSH who , however ended up in
a treaty with the MUSLIMS known as the Treaty of HUDAYBIYYAH . Though the terms
of the HUDAYBIYYAH treaty were apparently unfavorable to the MUSLIMS of MEDINA
the QURAN declared it as a clear victory . MUSLIM historians mention that
through the treaty the QURAYSH recognized MUHAMMAD as their equal counterpart
and ISLAM as a rising power and that the treaty mobilized the contact between
the MECCAN pagans and the MUSLIMS of Medina resulting in a large number of QURAYSH
conversion into ISLAM after being attracted by the ISLAMIC norms .
v VICTORY :::
Artifact of MUHAMMAD’S letter to the
MUQAWQIS ruler of EGYPT- actual document on the right with transcription on the
left- TOPKAPI Palace MUSEUM ISTANBUL .
Around the end of the 6 AH and the
beginning of the 7 AH ( 628 CE ) MUHAMMAD sent letters to various heads of
state asking them to accept ISLAM and to worship only one GOD . Notable among
them were HERACLIUS the emperor of BYZANTIUM , KHOSRAU II , the emperor of PERSIA
, the Negus of ETHIOPIA , MUQAWQIS , the ruler of EGYPT , HARITH GASSANI , the
governor of SYRIA and MUNZIR IBN SAWA
the ruler of BAHRAIN . In the 6 AH KHALID IBN AL-WALID accepted ISLAM who later
was to play a decisive role in the expansion of ISLAMIC empire . In the 7 AH
the JEWISH leaders of KHAYBAR – a place some 200 miles from MEDINA – started
instigating the JEWISH and GHATAFAN tribes against MEDINA . When negotiation
failed MUHAMMAD ordered the blockade of the KHAYBAR forts and its inhabitants
surrendered after some days . The lands of KHAYBAR came under MUSLIM control .
MUHAMMAD however granted the JEWSH request to retain the lands under their
control . In 629 CE ( 7 AH ) in accordance with the terms of the HUDAYBIYYAH
treaty MUHAMMAD and the MUSLIMS performed their lesser pilgrimage ( UMRAH ) to
MECCA and left the city after three days .
v CONQUEST OF MECCA & CONQUEST OF ARABIA :::
In 629 CE BANU BAKR tribe an ally of
the QURAYSH attacked the MUSLIMS’ ally tribe BANU KHUZA’A and killed several of
them . The QURAYSH openly helped BANU BAKR in their attack violating the terms
of HUDAYBIYYAH treaty . Of the three options now advanced by MUHAMMAD they
decided to cancel the HUDAYBIYYAH treaty . MUHAMMAD started taking preparation
for MECCA campaign . On 29 November 629 ( 6th of Ramadan, 8 AH ) MUHAMMAD set
out with 10000 companions and stopped at a nearby place from MECCA called MARR-UZ-ZAHRAN
. When MECCAN leader ABU SUFYAN came to gather intelligence he was detected and
arrested by the guards . UMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB wanted the execution of ABU SUFYAN
for his past offenses but MUHAMMAD spared his life after he converted to ISLAM .
On 11 December 629 ( 18th of Ramadan , 8 AH ) he entered MECCA almost
unresisted and declared a general amnesty for all those who had committed
offences against ISLAM and himself . He then destroyed the idols – placed in
and around the KAABA – reciting the QURANIC verse : " Say the truth has
arrived and falsehood perished . Verily the falsehood is bound to perish "
( Quran 17:81 ) . WILLIAM MUIR comments , " The magnanimity with which
Mahomet treated a people who had so long hated and rejected him is worthy of
all admiration ."
Soon after the MECCA conquest the BANU
HAWAZIN tribe together with the BANU THAQIF tribe gathered a large army under
the leadership of MALIK BIN 'AWF to attack the MUSLIMS . At this the MUSLIM
force which included the newly converts of MECCA went forward under the
leadership of MUHAMMAD and the two armies met at the valley of HUNAYN . Though
at first disarrayed at the sudden attack of HAWAZIN the MUSLIM force
recollected mainly at the effort of MUHAMMAD and ultimately defeated the HAWAZIN
. The latter was pursued at various directions . After MALIK BIN 'AWF along
with his men took shelter in the fort of TA'IF the MUSLIM army besieged it
which however yielded no significant result compelling them to return MEDINA .
Meanwhile , some newly converts from the HAWAZIN tribe came to MUHAMMAD and
made a plea to release their women and children who had been captivated from
the battlefield of HUNAYN . Their request was granted by the MUSLIMS .
After the MECCA conquest and the
victory at the Battle of HUNAYN the supremacy of the MUSLIMS was somewhat
established throughout the ARABIAN peninsula . Various tribes started to send
their representatives to express their loyalty to MUHAMMAD . In the year 9 AH (
630 CE ) ZAKAT – which is the obligatory charity in ISLAM – was introduced and
was accepted by most of the people . A few tribes initially refused to pay it
but gradually accepted .
v TABUK , SAUDI ARABIA :::
In October 630 CE upon receiving news
that the BYZANTINE was gathering a large army at the SYRIAN area to attack MEDINA
and because of reports of hostility adopted against MUSLIMS MUHAMMAD arranged
his MUSLIM army and came out to face them . On the way , they reached a place
called HIJR where remnants of the ruined THAMUD nation were scattered . MUHAMMAD
warned them of the sandstorm typical to the place and forbade them not to use
the well waters there . By the time they reached TABUK they got the news of BYZANYINE’S
retreat or according to some sources they came to know that the news of BYZANTINE
gathering was wrong . MUHAMMAD signed treaties with the bordering tribes who
agreed to pay tribute in exchange of getting security . It is said that as
these tribes were at the border area between SYRIA ( then under BYZANTINE
control) and ARABIA ( then under MUSLIM control ) signing treaties with them
ensured the security of the whole area. Some months after the return from TABUK MUHAMMAD’S
infant son IBRAHIM died which eventually coincided with a sun eclipse . When
people said that the eclipse had occurred to mourn IBRAHIM’S death MUHAMMAD
said : " The sun and the moon are from among the signs of GOD . The
eclipses occur neither for the death nor for the birth of any man ". After
the TABUK expedition the BANU THAQIF tribe of TAIF sent their representative
team to MUHAMMAD to inform their intention of accepting ISLAM on condition that
they be allowed to retain their Lat idol with them and that they be exempted
from prayers . Given that there were inconsistent with ISLAMIC principles MUHAMMAD
rejected their demands and said : " There is no good in a religion in
which prayer is ruled out ". After BANU THAQIF tribe of TAIF accepted ISLAM
many other tribes of HEJAZ followed them and declared their allegiance to ISLAM
.
v FINAL DAYS :::
In 631 CE during the HAJJ season ABU
BAKR led 300 MUSLIMS to the pilgrimage in MECCA . As per old custom many pagans
from other parts of ARABIA came to MECCA to perform pilgrimage in PRE-ISLAMIC
manner . ALI at the direction of MUHAMMAD delivered a sermon stipulating the
new rites of HAJJ and abrogating the pagan rites . He especially declared that
no unbeliever , pagan and naked man would be allowed to circumambulate the KAABA
from the next year . After this declaration was made a vast number of people of
BAHRAIN , YEMEN and YAMAMA who included both the pagans and the people of the
book gradually embraced ISLAM . Next year In 632 CE , MUHAMMAD performed HAJJ
and taught MUSLIMS first-hand the various rites of HAJJ . On the 9th of DHU AL-HIJJAH
from Mount ARAFAT he delivered his Farewell Sermon in which he abolished old
blood feuds and disputes based on the former tribal system repudiated racial
discrimination and advised people to " Be good to women ". According
to SUNNI TAFSIR the following QURANIC verse was delivered during this event :
" Today I have perfected your religion and completed my favours for you
and chosen ISLAM as a religion for you " ( QURAN 5:3 ) .
v DEATH :::
During MUHAMMAD’S illness , he
appointed ABU BAKR to lead the prayers in the MOSQUE . He ordered to donate the
last remaining coins in his house as charity . It is narrated in SAHIH AL-BUKHARI
that at the time of death MUHAMMAD was dipping his hands in water and was
wiping his face with them saying " There is no god but GOD ; indeed death
has its pangs ." He died on 8 JUNE 632 , in MEDINA at the age of 62 in the house of his wife AISHA .
v FINAL PROPHET :::
MUHAMMAD is regarded as the final
messenger and prophet by all the main branches of ISLAM who was sent by GOD to
guide humanity to the right way ( Quran 7:157 ) . The QURAN uses the
designation KHATAM AN-NABIYYIN (33:40) which is translated as Seal of the PROPHET
. The title is generally regarded by MUSLIMS as meaning that MUHAMMAD is the
last in the series of PROPHETS beginning with ADAM . The belief that a new PROPHET
cannot arise after MUHAMMAD is shared by both SUNNI and SHI'I MUSLIMS .
Believing MUHAMMAD is the last PROPHET is a fundamental belief in ISLAMIC
theology .
v MORAL CHARACTER :::
MUSLIMS believe that MUHAMMAD was the
possessor of moral virtues at the highest level and was a man of moral
excellence . He represented the ' Prototype of human perfection ' and was the
best among GOD’S creations . The 68:4 verse of the QURAN says : ' And you [MUHAMMAD]
are surely on exalted quality of character '. Consequently , to the MUSLIMS his
life and character are an excellent example to be emulated both at social and
spiritual levels . The virtues that characterize him are modesty and humility ,
forgiveness and generosity , honesty , justice , patience and self-denial . MUSLIM
biographers of MUHAMMAD in their books have shed much light on the moral
character of MUHAMMAD . Besides , there is a genre of biography that approaches
his life focusing on his moral qualities rather than discussing the external
affairs of his life .
According to biographers , MUHAMMAD
lived a simple and austere life often characterized by poverty . He was more
bashful than a maiden and was rare to laugh in a loud voice rather he preferred
soft smiling . JA'FAR AL-SADIQ a descendant of MUHAMMAD and an acclaimed
scholar narrated that MUHAMMAD was never seen stretching his legs in a
gathering with his companions and when he would shake hands he would not pull
his hand away first . It is said that during the conquest of MECCA when MUHAMMAD
was entering into the city riding on a camel his head lowered in gratitude to GOD
to the extent that it almost touched the back of the camel . He never took
revenge from anyone for his personal cause . He maintained honesty and justice
in his deeds . When an elite woman in MEDINA was accused of theft and others
pleaded for the mitigation of the penalty MUHAMMAD said : " Even if my
daughter FATIMA were accused of theft I would pronounce the same verdict ."
He preferred mildness and leniency in behavior and in dealing with affairs and is reported as saying : " He who is
not merciful to others will not be treated mercifully ( by GOD ) " (SAHIH
AL-BUKHARI , 8:73:42 ) . He pardoned many of his enemies in his life .
Biographers especially mention his forgiving the MECCAN people after the
Conquest of MECCA who at the early period of Islam tortured the MUSLIMS for a
long time and later fought several battles with the MUSLIMS .
v MUSLIM VENERATION :::
MUHAMMAD is highly venerated by the MUSLIMS
and is sometimes considered by them to be the greatest of all the PROPHETS .
But MUSLIMS do not worship MUHAMMAD as worship in ISLAM is only for GOD . MUSLIM
understanding and reverence for MUHAMMAD can largely be traced to the teachings
of QURAN which emphatically describes MUHAMMAD’S exalted status . To begin with
the QURAN describes MUHAMMAD as AL-NABI AL-UMMI or unlettered PROPHET ( Quran
7:158 ) meaning that he " Received his religious knowledge only from GOD ".
As a result , MUHAMMAD’S examples have been understood by the MUSLIMS to
represent the highest ideal for human conduct and to reflect what GOD wants
humanity to do . The QURAN ranks MUHAMMAD above previous PROPHET in terms of
his moral excellence and the universal message he brought from GOD for humanity
. The QURAN calls him the " Beautiful model " (AL-USWA AL-HASANA )
for those who hope for GOD and the last day ( Quran 33:21 ) . MUSLIMS believe
that MUHAMMAD was sent not for any specific people or region but for all of
humanity .
Ø MUSLIMS venerate MUHAMMAD in various ways :
· In proclamation of ISLAMIC faith the attestation to oneness of GOD is
always followed by the declaration " Verily , I bear witness that MUHAMMAD
is the messenger of GOD ".
· In speaking or writing MUSLIM attach the title " Prophet " to MUHAMMAD’S
name and always follow it with SALLALLAHU 'ALAYHI WA SALLAM (صَÙ„ّÙ‰ الله عليه وسلّÙ…,
" Peace be upon him ") sometimes abbreviated SAW , PBUH or ï·º .
· MUHAMMAD’S tomb in MEDINA is considered the second most holy place for MUSLIMS[
full citation needed ][ verification needed ] and is visited by most pilgrims
who go to MECCA for HAJJ .
· MUSLIMS often use various titles of praise and appellations to express MUHAMMAD’S
exalted status .
v SUNNAH : A MODEL FOR MUSLIMS :::
In MUSLIM legal and religious thought
MUHAMMAD inspired by GOD to act wisely and in accordance with his will provides
an example that complements GOD’S revelation as expressed in the QURAN and his
actions and sayings – known as Sunnah – are a model for MUSLIM conduct . The
Sunnah can be defined as " The actions , decisions and practices that MUHAMMAD
approved , allowed or condoned ". It also includes MUHAMMAD’S confirmation
to someone's particular action or manner ( During MUHAMMAD’S lifetime ) which ,
when communicated to MUHAMMAD was generally approved by him . The Sunnah as
recorded in the HADITH literature encompasses everyday activities related to
men's domestic , social , economic , political life . It addresses a broad
array of activities and ISLAMIC beliefs ranging from the simple practices like ,
for example , the proper way of entering into a MOSQUE and private cleanliness
to the most sublime questions involving the love between GOD and humans . The
Sunnah of MUHAMMAD serves as a model for the MUSLIMS to shape their life in
that light . The QURAN tells the believers to offer prayer to fast to perform
pilgrimage to pay Zakat but it was MUHAMMAD who practically taught the
believers how to perform all these . In ISLAMIC theology the necessity to
follow the examples ( The Sunnah ) of MUHAMMAD comes from the ruling of the QURAN
which it describes in its numerous verses . One such typical verse is " And
obey GOD and the Messenger so that you may be blessed " ( Quran 3:132 ) .
The QURAN uses two different terms to denote this : ITA’AH ( To obey ) and ITTIBA
( To follow ) . The former refers to the orders of MUHAMMAD and the latter to
his acts and practices . MUHAMMAD often stressed the importance of education
and intelligence in the MUSLIM UMMAH because it removes ignorance and promotes
acceptance and tolerance . This can be illustrated when MUHAMMAD advises his
cousin Ali that , " No poverty is more severe than ignorance and no
property is more valuable than intelligence ."
v PRE-EXISTENCE :::
MUSLIMS also venerate MUHAMMAD as the
manifestation of the MUHAMMADAN Light . Accordingly , MUHAMMAD’S spirit already
existed before the creation of the world and he was actually the first PROPHET
created but the last who was sent . A HADITH from AL-TIRMIDHI states that MUHAMMAD
was once asked when his PROPHETHOOD was decreed and he answered : " When ADAM
was between the spirit and the body ." A more popular but less
authenticated version states that MUHAMMAD answered : " when ADAM was
between water and mud ." Both Sunni and Shia sources later elaborated
cosmogonic scenarios in which the world emanated from the light of MUHAMMAD .
According to a Sunni tradition , when ADAM was in heaven he read an inscription
on the gate of Paradise of the Shahada MUHAMMAD already mentioned . There also
exists an extended version in Shia traditions . Therefore , the Shahada does
not only mention MUHAMMAD but also ALI .
However the idea of MUHAMMAD’S
pre-existence was also a controversial one and disputed by some scholars like AL-GHAZALI
and IBN TAYMIYYAH . Although the notion of the pre-existing MUHAMMAD takes some
resemblance of the CHRISTIAN doctrine of the Pre-existence of CHRIST in ISLAM
there can not be found any trace of MUHAMMAD as a second person within the
GODHEAD .
v MUHAMMAD AS LAWGIVER & MUHAMMAD AS INTERCESSOR :::
In ISLAMIC Sharia , the Sunnah of MUHAMMAD
is regarded a vital source for ISLAMIC law next in importance only to the QURAN
. Additionally , the QURAN in its several verses authorizes MUHAMMAD in his
capacity as a PROPHET to promulgate new laws . The 7:157 verse of the QURAN
says , " Those who follow the Messenger the unlettered PROPHET whom they
find written down in the Torah and the INJIL and who (MUHAMMAD) bids them to
the Fair and forbids them the Unfair and makes lawful for them the good things
and makes unlawful for them the impure things... So, those who believe in him
and honor him and help him and follow the light that has been sent down with
him (MUHAMMAD) – they are the ones who acquire success ." Commenting on
this verse ISLAMIC scholar MUHAMMAD TAQI USMANI says , " One of the
functions of the Holy PROPHET (SAAW) is to make lawful the good things and make
unlawful the impure things . This function has been separated from bidding the
fair and forbidding the unfair because the latter relates to the preaching of
what has already been established as fair and warning against what is
established as unfair while the former embodies the making of lawful and
unlawful ". TAQI USMANI recognizes two kinds of revelations – the " Recited
" one which is collectively known as QURAN and the " UNRECITED "
one that MUHAMMAD received from time to time to let him know GOD’S will
regarding how human affairs should be – and concludes that MUHAMMAD’S prophetic
authority to promulgate new laws had its base on the later type . Therefore ,
in ISLAMIC theology the difference between GOD’S authority and that of his
messenger is of great significance : the former is wholly independent intrinsic
and self-existent while the authority of the latter is derived from and
dependent on the revelation from GOD .
MUSLIMS see MUHAMMAD as primary
intercessor and believe that he will intercede on behalf of the believers on
Last Judgment day . ISLAMIC tradition narrates that after resurrection when
humanity will be gathered together and they will face distress due to heat and
fear they will come to MUHAMMAD . Then he will intercede for them with GOD and
the judgment will start . HADITH narrates that MUHAMMAD will also intercede for
the believers who for their sins have been taken to hell . MUHAMMAD’S intercession
will be granted and a lot of believers will come out of hell . In ISLAMIC
belief , intercession will be granted on conditions the permission of GOD , GOD’S
being pleased with the intercessor and his being pleased with the person for
whom intercession is made . In ISLAMIC tradition , the facility of getting MUHAMMAD’S
intercession has been linked to some extent to DAROOD – sending blessing upon MUHAMMAD
that generally reads " May GOD give him blessing and peace ".
v MUHAMMAD AND THE QURAN :::
To MUSLIMS the QURAN is the verbatim
word of GOD which was revealed through GABRIEL to MUHAMMAD who delivered it to
people without any change ( Quran 26:192-195, 53:2-5 ) . Thus , there exists a
deep relationship between MUHAMMAD and the QURAN . MUSLIMS believe that as a
recipient of the QURAN MUHAMMAD was the man who best understood the meaning of
the QURAN was its chief interpreter and was granted by GOD " The
understanding of all levels of QURAN’S meaning ". In ISLAMIC theology , if
a report of MUHAMMAD’S QURANIC interpretation is held to be authentic then no
other interpretative statement has higher theoretical value or importance than
that .
In ISLAMIC belief , though the inner
message of all the divine revelations given to MUHAMMAD is essentially the same
there has been a " Gradual evolution toward a final perfect revelation ".
It is in this case that MUHAMMAD’S revelation excels the previous ones as MUHAMMAD’S
revelation is considered by the MUSLIMS to be " The completion ,
culmination and perfection of all the previous revelations ". Consequently
, when the QURAN declares that MUHAMMAD is the final PROPHET after which there
will be no future PROPHET ( 33:40 ) it is also meant that the QURAN is the last
revealed divine book .
v NAMES AND TITLES OF PRAISE :::::
MUHAMMAD is often referenced with
these titles of praise or epithet :
AN-NABI : ' THE PROPHET ' ;
AR-RASUL : ' THE MESSENGER ' ;
AL-HABEEB : ' THE BELOVED ' ;
AL-MUSTAFA : ' THE CHOSEN ONE ' (
QURAN 22:75 ) ;
AL-AMIN : ' THE TRUSTWORTHY ' ( SAHIH
AL-BUKHARI 4:52:237 ) ;
AS-SADIQ : ' THE HONEST ' ( QURAN
33:22 ) ;
AL-HAQ : ' THE TRUTHFUL ' ( Quran
10:08 ) ;
AR-RAUF : ' THE KIND ' ( QURAN 9:128 )
;
‘ALA KHULUQ ‘AZIM ( ARABIC : عَÙ„َÙ‰ Ø®ُÙ„ُÙ‚
عِظِÙŠْÙ… ) : ' ON AN EXALTED STANDARD OF CHAARACTER ' ( QURAN 68:4 ) ;
AL-INSAN AL-KAMIL : ' THE PERFECT MAN
' ;
USWAH HASAN ( ARABIC : Ø£ُسْÙˆَØ© ØَسَÙ†
) : ' GOOD EXAMPLE ' ( QURAN 33:21 ) ;
AL-KHATIM AN-NABIYIN : ' THE SEAL OF
THE PROPHETS ' ( QURAN 33:40 ) ;
AR-RAHMATUL LIL 'ALAMEEN : 'MERCY OF ALL
THE WORLDS ’ ( QURAN 21:107 ) ;
AS-SHAHEED : ' THE WITNESS ' ( QURAN
33:45 ) ;
AL-MUBASHIR : ' THE BEARER OF GOOD
TIDINGS ' ( QURAN 11:2 ) ;
AN-NATHIR : ' THE WARNER ' ( QURAN
11:2 ) ;
AL-MUDHAKKIR : ' THE REMINDER ' ( QURAN
88:21 ) ;
AD-DA'I : ' THE ONE WHO CALLS [ UNTO
GOD ] ' ( QURAN 12:108 ) ;
AL-BASHIR : ' THE ANNOUNCER ' ( QURAN
2:119 ) ;
AN-NOOR : ' THE LIGHT PERSONIFIED ' (
QURAN 05:15 ) ;
AS-SIRAJ-UN-MUNIR : ' THE
LIGHT-GIVING LAMP ' ( QURAN 33:46 ) ;
AL-KAREEM : ' THE NOBLE ' ( QURAN
69:40 ) ;
AN-NIMATULLAH : ' THE DIVINE FAVOUR '
( QURAN 16:83 ) ;
AL-MUZZAMMIL : ' THE WRAPPED ' ( QURAN
73:01 ) ;
AL-MUDDATHIR : ' THE SHROUDED ' ( QURAN
74:01 ) ;
AL-'AQIB : ' THE LAST [ PROPHET ] ' ( SAHIH MUSLIM 4:1859 , SAHIH AL-BUKHARI
4:56:732 ) ;
AL-MUTAWAKKIL : ' THE ONE WHO PUTS
HIS TRUST [ IN GOD ] ' ( QURAN 9:129 ) ;
AL-KUTHAM : ' THE GENEROUS ONE ’ ;
AL-MAHI : ' THE ERASER [ OF DISBELIEF ] ' ( SAHIH AL-BUKHARI 4:56:732
) ;
AL-MUQAFFI : ' THE ONE WHO FOLLOED [
ALL OTHER PROPHETS ] ' ;
AN-NABIYYU AT-TAWBAH : ' THE PROPHET
OF PENITENCE ’ ;
AL-FATIH : ' THE OPENER ' ;
AL-HASHIR : ' THE GATHERER ( THE
FIRST TO BE RESURRECTED ) ON THE DAY JUDGEMENT ' ( SAHIH AL-BUKHARI 4:56:732 ) ;
AS-SHAFE'E : ' THE INTERCESSOR ' ( SAHIH
AL-BUKHARI 9:93:601 , QURAN 3:159 , QURAN 4:64 , QURAN 60:12 ) ;
AL-MUSHAFFAUN : ' THE ONE WHOSE
INTERCESSION SHALL BE GRANTED ' ( QURAN 19:87 , QURAN 20:109 ) .
Ø HE ALSO HAS THESE NAMES :
ABU'L-QASIM : ‘ FATHER OF QASIM ‘ ;
AHMAD : ‘ THE PRASIED ONE ‘ ( QURAN
61:06 ) ;
HAMID : ‘ PRAISER ‘ ;
MAHMOOD : ‘ PRAISEWORTHY ‘ ;
'ABD-ALLAH : ‘ SERVANT OF GOD ‘ ( QURAN
25:1 ) .
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